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''Helicoverpa zea, ''commonly known as the corn earworm, is a species (formerly in the genus ''Heliothis'') in the family Noctuidae.〔Lambert, Bart, et al. "A Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal crystal protein with a high activity against members of the family Noctuidae." Applied and environmental microbiology 62.1 (1996): 80-86.〕 The larva of the moth ''Helicoverpa zea'' is a major agricultural pest. Since it is polyphagous (feeds on many different plants) during the larval stage, the species has been given many different common names, including the cotton bollworm and the tomato fruitworm. It also consumes a wide variety of other crops.〔Light, Douglas M., et al. "Host-plant green-leaf volatiles synergize the synthetic sex pheromones of the corn earworm and codling moth (Lepidoptera)." Chemoecology 4.3-4 (1993): 145-152.〕 The species is widely distributed across the Americas with the exception of northern Canada and Alaska. It has become resistant to many pesticides, but can be controlled with integrated pest management techniques including deep ploughing, trap crops, chemical control using mineral oil, and biological controls. The species migrates seasonally, at night, and can be carried downwind up to 400 km. Pupae can make use of diapause to wait out adverse environmental conditions, especially at high latitudes and in drought. == Distribution == The corn earworm is found in temperate and tropical regions of North America, with the exception of northern Canada and Alaska as it cannot overwinter in these areas.〔http://www.extento.hawaii.edu/kbase/Crop/Type/helicove.htm#BIOLOGY〕〔 ''Helicoverpa zea'' found in the eastern United States also do not overwinter successfully.〔 They live in Kansas, Ohio, Virginia, and southern New Jersey, but survival rate is mainly affected by the severity of the winter.〔 Corn earworm moths regularly migrate from southern regions to northern regions depending on winter conditions.〔 They are also found in Hawaii, the Caribbean islands, and most of South America, including Peru, Argentina, and Brazil.〔Blanchard, R. A. 1942. Hibernation of the corn earworm in central and northeastern parts of the United States. USDA Tech. Bull. 838. 13 pp.〕〔Mitter, Charles, Robert W. Poole, and M. Matthews. "Biosystematics of the Heliothinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)." Annual review of entomology 38.1 (1993): 207-225.〕 Cotton earworms have also been reported from China in 2002. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Helicoverpa zea」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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